In Africa.

In Africa, generally speaking, scholars draw a link between ecological degradation, rations crisis, poverty and famine, which they explore either through reconstructing 'historical climate' (long-term climatic changes and the consequential changes in the productivity of the land) or on examining how human activities have transformed the environment in the short bourn (McCann 1999; Zeleza 1993; Nicholson 1979)1 The question is united of primacy: whether it was human activity or historical climate that created the rife environmental and economic crisis. James McCann (1999: 273) for

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